Ecoclimax

A tennis court versus a pizza box. That's the land difference between producing one kilogram of beef and one kilogram of tomatoes. Researchers Joseph Poore and Thomas Nemecek measured the land footprint of 38 different foods.  Their findings quantify something we've sensed but rarely seen mapped out precisely. Beef needs 326 square meters per kilogram each year. Lamb requires even more at 370 square meters. Cheese comes in at 88 square meters despite being dairy. Coffee and dark chocolate both rank high because tree crops spread across large areas—21 and 69 square meters respectively. Food Product Land Use (m²/year per kg) Land Use (ft²/year per lb) Lamb & Mutton 369.81 821.54 Beef (beef herd) 326.21 724.66 Cheese 87.79 195.02 Dark Chocolate 68.96 153.16 Beef (dairy herd) 43.24 96.05 Coffee 21.62 48.02 Pig Meat 17.36 38.56 Other Pulses 15.57 34.58 Nuts 12.96 28.7...

 Wolves used to live everywhere on this continent. Not just in a few wild corners - everywhere. From the desert mountains of the Southwest up through the Great Plains, across the boreal forests of Canada, out to the Pacific islands, down into Mexico. At least 23 different subspecies evolved to match whatever local conditions they found. The historical map on the left shows where a different subspecies lived. You had Arctic wolves in Greenland and the northern islands, stocky and pale. Mexican wolves in Arizona and New Mexico, smaller and adapted to heat. Great Plains wolves that followed bison herds. Vancouver Island wolves on the Pacific coast. Newfoundland wolves. Labrador wolves. Texas wolves. They filled every available niche. The current map on the right is mostly gray. What's left sits way up in Canada and Alaska, with some holdouts around the Great Lakes and scattered reintroduced groups in the Rockies. Three subspecies went extinct completely - the Mogollon Mountain Wolf fr...

Soil is the backbone of Earth's ecosystems, holding everything together from forests to rivers while also giving us the base for growing food like grains and vegetables. Chernozems rank as one of the top soils for richness. Russians dub them "black earth" ( "chernozems" ) for their inky color, which builds up from plant remains over ages, hitting around 10 to 16 percent organics . They come from open grasslands hit by freezing winters, steamy summers, and steady but not heavy rains. Extra water would rinse out the good stuff, and dryness would stunt the grasses. Each year, those grasses push up, fade, and mix back in, with roots pushing nutrients deep to form solid, fertile bands. Right now, they cover some 230 million hectares, spread through the Eurasian steppes and North American prairies where weather and plants synced up long ago. The maps below by vividmaps.com point out the most valuable soils on earth. Russia tops the list with 1,200,000 square kilomete...

We're feeding the planet on three crops. Seriously, just three. These grains make up 89% of cereal production , and in 2009 they supplied 43% of all the calories people ate. That number hasn't dropped much since. Vivid Maps team put together maps showing exactly where wheat, maize, and rice grow around the world.  Where Does All the Wheat Come From? People started growing wheat in the Fertile Crescent 10,000 years ago. From there it moved into every place with decent soil and cool enough weather. It stores without rotting, survives frost better than other grains, and becomes bread, pasta, noodles, you name it. China leads wheat production. They grew 136.6 million tonnes in 2023. India was second with 110.6 million tonnes. Russia produced 91.5 million tonnes. The U.S., France, Pakistan, Canada, Germany, Ukraine, and Turkey all grow substantial amounts. Here's what gets me though. Somalia harvests 401 kg per hectare. New Zealand gets 9,668 kg from that same hectare. Why s...

We've got 8.2 billion people on Earth now. VividMaps created some visualizations tracking when countries hit major population numbers. The timing is crazy. China had 20 million people in 1000 BC. Kazakhstan just got there in 2023. 20 Million in the Ancient World Having 20 million people was huge back then. China got there around 1000 BC, which seems impossible when you think about feeding everyone. Persia reached it by 480 BC. Greece by 400 BC. Rome by 60 BC. They'd figured out irrigation and food storage at levels other civilizations couldn't touch. Centuries went by before more countries joined. France around 1100 AD. Mali by 1400. Ancient Mexico around 1250. The 1700s and 1800s saw acceleration. Russia hit it in 1765. Germany in 1770. Japan around 1815, Britain in 1837, the US in 1844. Recent entries? Kazakhstan and Zambia both last year. The Netherlands won't make it until the 2050s, maybe later. 50 Million Needs Industrial Muscle India hit 50 million around 727 BC...

Visual Capitalist published a ranking showing river discharge rates worldwide. The Amazon absolutely dominates. How much water flows through the Amazon? Somewhere between 209,000 and 224,000 cubic meters per second (7.4 to 7.9 million cubic feet per second). About 20% of all river water reaching oceans comes from here. The basin covers 7 million square kilometers—picture the entire lower 48 covered in rainforest receiving over 2,500 mm of rain yearly. Water rushes across flat terrain straight to the Atlantic. Compare that to Europe. The Volga discharges 8,380 m³/s (296,000 ft³/s). The Amazon moves 25 times more. The Danube? 6,510 m³/s (230,000 ft³/s). Six South American rivers made the top 20. Asia got seven scattered across a much larger continent. Europe managed two on the entire list of 30. Second place: Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna at 42,800 m³/s (1.5 million ft³/s). That's about 19% of Amazon levels. This system drains the Himalayas and provides water for hundreds of millions...