Visual impacts of artificial sky brightness in Europe

Artificial sky brightness refers to the amount of light pollution produced by human activities that affects the natural darkness of the night sky. In Europe, this issue has become increasingly significant due to the continent's high levels of urbanization, industrialization, and widespread use of artificial lighting.

One of the primary contributors to artificial sky brightness in Europe is urbanization. As cities and towns expand, the demand for artificial lighting increases. Street lights, building lights, and illuminated signs all contribute to the overall brightness of the night sky, especially in densely populated urban areas.

Industrial activities also play a significant role in artificial sky brightness. Factories, warehouses, and industrial parks require extensive lighting for safety and productivity. This industrial lighting can contribute to sky brightness, particularly in regions with high levels of industrial activity.

Transportation infrastructure, including roads, highways, and railways, also contributes to artificial sky brightness. Lighting along these routes is essential for safety and visibility but can contribute to sky brightness, especially in densely populated areas and along major transport routes.

The design, installation, and use of outdoor lighting also affect sky brightness. Poorly designed or inefficient lighting fixtures can produce glare and light spill, contributing to sky brightness without effectively illuminating the intended areas.

Cultural and recreational activities often involve the use of decorative or temporary lighting. While these lights may enhance the atmosphere of an event, they can contribute to sky brightness if not properly controlled.

The map below shows the artificial sky brightness in Europe.

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More than 99 percent of European populations live under light-polluted skies. The Milky Way is hidden from more than 60 percent of Europeans and nearly 80% of North Americans. Moreover, 88 percent of the European’s land surfaces between 75°N and 60°S experience light-polluted nights.

The impacts of artificial sky brightness are diverse and can affect various aspects of the environment and human health. Light pollution can disrupt ecosystems, affect wildlife behavior, and interfere with astronomical observations. Additionally, excessive artificial lighting at night can disrupt natural circadian rhythms in humans and other animals, leading to potential health issues.